CHRIS NOWINSKI: As long as the NFL dismissed this, that meant that parents were signing their kids up to go play football, believing that there was no risk. NARRATOR: He would take on the task of finding brains of former football players for Dr. McKee. You know, these all look like they could be frontal temporal dementia." Frontline : juvenile justice. NARRATOR: Back in New York, with the pressure mounting, the commissioner decided to make some dramatic changes. ANNOUNCER: Tonight on FRONTLINE, the epic story of football's concussion crisis. Dr. ANN McKEE: We have examined thousands of brains, and this is not a normal part of aging. IRA CASSON, M.D., Co-Chair, MTBI Committee, 2007-09: Anecdotes do not make scientifically valid evidence. STADIUM ANNOUNCER: Ladies and gentlemen, here to present the Vince Lombardi Trophy, the commissioner of the National Football League, Roger Goodell. The NFL wants to keep pushing these questions into the future, keep the discoveries going, make it seem like these questions that still need to be resolved are things that the league is working with doctors and researchers on. APA style requires two elements for citing outside sources: Reference Citations in Text and a Reference List. The fact that it was there, and he was only playing high school level sports, I mean, I think that's a cause for concern. And he's sacked! ", NARRATOR: insisted that players could return to the same game after suffering a concussion, DOCUMENT: "Return to play does not involve a significant risk of a second injury. That's a good sign. ANN McKEE, M.D., Neuropathologist, BU CTE Center: They were convinced it was wrong, and I felt that they were in a very serious state of denial. And I intuitively knew that this was not just a football issue, that it was happening to football players in the pros, it was happening in college, it was happening in high school. PBS (Producer). I said, "What are you talking about?" I had to make sure the slides were Mike Webster's slides. Michael Kirk & Mike Wiser Search the physical and online collections at UW-Madison, UW System libraries, and the Wisconsin Historical Society. I'll bring them to you. The book chronicles the National Football League's concussion crisis, which came to light with a few career-ending head injuries in the 1990s and became an even more serious issue as numerous deceased former players were found to have . Why would you fight that? Dr. IRA CASSON: In my opinion, the only scientifically valid evidence of a chronic encephalopathy in athletes is in boxers and in some steeplechase jockeys. View film. NARRATOR: In September of 2006, Commissioner Paul Tagliabue stepped down. LEIGH STEINBERG: For a minute, I thought he was joking. NARRATOR: The meeting had changed nothing. Web Site Copyright 1995-2023 WGBH Educational Foundation. What causes some of the injuries that our players are still dealing with? The number is relatively small. You know, it was just. I said, "I think I do. These are the sources and citations used to . PAM WEBSTER: Mike would call this his greatest battle. ART ROONEY II, Pittsburgh Steelers President and Co-Owner: He had the violence in him. The way the Steelers played the game meshed perfectly with the people. ", Dr. HENRY FEUER: I you know,I don't know why she feels that way. MARK FAINARU-WADA: He said, almost identically to what he had said before Congress back in 2009, which was, you know, "We're going to let the medical people decide that.". O nama. STEVE FAINARU: You know, putting a rheumatologist on the head of the committee that arguably was going to have more influence over brain research, you know, than any other any particular institution in the country at the time, you know, was, I think a lot of people felt, surprising. It really was a turning point. NARRATOR: For Nowinski, the issue of CTE is personal. NFL NARRATOR: On this down and dirty dance floor, huge men perform a punishing pirouette. NEWSCASTER: talked about NFL owners as being like tobacco executives, NEWSCASTER: but I think it's seen as being plausible, NEWSCASTER: the NFL, similar to what the tobacco industry engaged in. Once his career was over, McHale ran a successful chain of restaurants. My boyfriend's been shot! NARRATOR: In Pittsburgh at just about this time, Mike Webster's brain tissue was being examined. Simpson gets the call. And that was the big discovery, I think. NARRATOR: As the news broke, the question emerged did CTE play a part in Junior Seau's death? NARRATOR: In the months following Seau's death, the NFL went on the offensive. He's just in every play. But the little mini-concussions are just as dangerous because you might be sustaining six to ten, maybe a dozen of these hits during the course of a game. His dream was to play for the Steelers. DONNIE DAWKINS: We're going to dominate this thing! FRED SMERLAS, Buffalo Bills, 1979-89: Well, Webby would hit you with his head first. Super Bowl Sunday's kicking into high gear, NARRATOR: The glitz and glamour of the NFL production machine was in full gear, developed over decades, FAITH HILL: [singing] We've been waitin' all day for a Super Bowl fight, FAITH HILL: [singing] running and hitting with all their might, yeah, everyone's ready for. I think McKee uses the word "crisis." longan tree california But 27 years and four children later, Mike and Pam Webster's marriage ended. cheryl mchenry retiring; fruit pizza with cool whip no cream cheese; pbs frontline special league of denial apa citation close. I was scared. "Did I play well?" DOCUMENT: "It might be safe for college/high school football players to be cleared to return to play on the same day as their injury.". How are teams handling their injuries? And there was clearly among the NFL committee, there was just a very steadfast belief that this is not a problem. Th edition 1 1 site that hosts the page, followed By a pbs frontline special league of denial apa citation. GEORGE ATKINSON, Oakland Raiders, 1968-77: You have to survive, so you learn the methods to survive and be the best at surviving in that environment. He looked drained. ". NARRATOR: The NFL would not publicly sit down with Dr. Omalu. NARRATOR: That May, McKee and Nowinski arrived at NFL headquarters. Refer to the guidelines for writing an effective summary presented in the Lecture 2 as a guide. The FRONTLINE investigation details how, for years, the league denied and worked to refute scientific evidence that the violent collisions at the heart of the game are linked to an alarming incidence of early onset dementia, catastrophic brain damage, and other devastating consequences for some of footballs all-time greats. GINA SEAU: I can understand where certain groups are saying, "Wow. Film says . UNV 504 Week 2 APA Activity 2: Citing Practice. In 1997, he went to see a lawyer. Produced by: Michael Kirk. And I remember thinking, "Why is Ira Casson calling me?". ANNOUNCER: This venerable stadium will be a wild scene tonight! / 1h 53m. I'm really wondering where this stops. pbs frontline special league of denial apa citationdeny the witch 9th edition rulesdeny the witch 9th edition rules No. "Yes, you won." NARRATOR: Former Steelers team doctor and neurosurgeon Julian Bailes had become a true believer in CTE and Omalu. STAN SAVRAN: They loved that hard-hitting, punishing, brutal defense that they played. JEANNE MARIE LASKAS: That caused the MTBI committee to say, "This is preposterous. He has tau in all these regions of the his brain. ESPN, where we work, their new contract with the NFL is worth almost $2 billion year. Dr. BENNET OMALU: When I saw Terry Long's case, I became more convinced that this was not just an anomaly, a statistical anomaly. But rather than just publish in scientific journals, Chris Nowinski was determined to get the word out. August 22, STEVE FAINARU: Omalu is a junior pathologist in the Allegheny County coroner's office, but the people he published with were one of the leading Alzheimer's disease experts in the country, one of the leading neuropathologists in the country, and one of the most well-known coroners in the country. NARRATOR: Seau was one of the most popular players and out of the league for only two years. Funding for FRONTLINE is provided through the support of PBS viewers and by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. JANE LEAVY, Author, The Woman Who Would Save Football: I don't think anyone else but the wives, sisters, mothers, daughters, and Ann McKee, could have forced this issue into American consciousness. NARRATOR: At home, there were bouts of rage. Dr. McKee had read Dr. Omalu's research, but she wanted to see for herself. I mean, you know, that would be extraordinary with any other disease, to be able to pull in that many cases just that were suspected. And you know, I got a lot of email about it. And the medical examiner requested that I come down they've never had such a big case before, I'm an expert in this field to help him. NARRATOR: In the 1970s, Webster anchored four Super Bowl championship teams. NEWSCASTER: The right-hand man to Tagliabue is running the show. It's a big deal. NARRATOR: Aikman's concussion was bad enough that he could not return to the game. So I think the incidence and prevalence has to be a lot higher than people realize. It was a scientific first. NARRATOR: To outsiders, the choice of Pellman was unusual. And getting in that room with a bunch of males who already thought they knew all the answers more sexism. He was known as "Iron Mike". An investigation of the health crisis threatening NFL players and the long-term fortunes of football. Then instead of the NFL, he became a professional wrestler.. MARK FAINARU-WADA: He ends up with the nickname Chris Harvard, the persona of this sort of snobbish wrestler who's smarter than all the fans. JULIAN BAILES, M.D., Team Neurosurgeon, Steelers, 1988-97: Certainly, we knew that if you got hit on the head so many times, maybe you had a 20 percent chance of having dementia pugilistica if you were a former professional boxer. And you know, if you're going up against top-flight players who are able to perfect those skills of hitting you upside the head, or you know, getting hit with an elbow or it's one of those things that at some point, you're going to pay for it down the line. MARK FAINARU-WADA, FRONTLINE/ESPN: There's going to be a meeting that the commissioner is holding with former players. ANNOUNCER: [ABC "Monday Night Football," 1983] vivid picturization of the excitement. MIKE ORIARD: The sense of football as something powerful and elemental and mythic and epic. The National Football League, a multibillion-dollar commercial juggernaut, presides over Americas indisputable national pastime. NARRATOR: Casson insisted there was no evidence that football players were at risk for CTE. Knock him out! Dr. ANN McKEE: I was called by Ira Casson. It was happening to every player in every collision sport. You know, he's going to hurt me. I'm not saying I was different than that. PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. NARRATOR: Nowinski made the hard calls, asking families to donate the brain of a deceased loved one. We're not going to help you.". Boston :WGBH Educational Foundation : Distributed by PBS Video, 2001. STEVE FAINARU: About 200 people are gathered there, and running the show is Ira Casson. LEIGH STEINBERG: The damage was occurring every week. FOOTBALL ANNOUNCERS: Erenberg touchdown! STEVE FAINARU: There were cracks running the length of his feet, and they were incredibly painful. And she says, "Absolutely." NARRATOR: Some researchers say Dr. McKee has examined only a limited sample of players and too few brains to justify her conclusions. And you know, that's the way it is. That's, like, the budget of a Harry Potter movie every week, week in, week out. Dr. BENNET OMALU: And the NFL doctor at some point said to me, "Bennet, do you know the implications of what you're doing?" ANNOUNCER: And the future opponents are going to have some trouble! If the business is potentially lethal, then that's going to have major implications for the game. Th edition 1 1 site that hosts the page, followed By a pbs frontline special league of denial apa citation. Funding for frontline is provided through the support of pbs viewers and the. Tau in all these regions of the his brain page, followed by a pbs frontline league! 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