Justice on Fire is OConnors detailed account of the terrible explosion that led to the firefighters deaths and the terrible injustice that followed. I did grounds crew and stage setup for county fairs for a summer after high school. Other blue collar labor force workers generally have a predictable place to spend the night, if only because they need to be at work the next day. You see these guys when they beak up the show and leave-their trucks are all blowing blue smoke and look like they are ready for the junkyeard. Some believed the word to be derogatory. I informed her that the gaffed carnival basketball rims are not bent by the carnies, but manufactured for the carnies, and for the designed purpose of creating a false impression of size and shape. They dont have ties in the community. Here, lets see if my charm works on you, Back on topic, I never did carnivals, but I have worked a freak show / side show. They dont draw a line, everything is fair game.. We certainly hope this deals them a major blow, said one attorney at the time. During the 1960s, a group of criminals known as the Dixie Mafia began to creep across cities and towns in the South. A major stereotype I hate is that we are all crooks and criminals. Yeah, maybe. (AP) Three carnival workers have been charged with capital murder in the fatal shooting of a couple at a Kansas fair whose bodies were The flatty allowed this gentleman to leave and return with money retrieved from an ATM several times. With the recent publicity on the ills of Tubs of Fun, chances are that the carnies will re-package the scam with a different look until the heat dies down; perhaps bring back the old wooden bushel-baskets instead of plastic laundry tubs and eliminate the deadening ball for one year. The British form of fairground cant is called "polari". Griffin is one of at least three traveling carnival workers who have been arrested in Bucks County since 2013 with criminal records one of them for crimes But at the other five carnivals, nine workers had warrants and several other employees gave fake names to authorities or fled the festival grounds. I know that around here, when they need to hire local workers they pick from the pool of people on day parole, so take that as you will. We have a lot of interesting family friends from the fair business. In an attempt to skirt responsibility for the crooks in question, playing their crooked games, Century 21 Shows manager Jeremy Bendsons acted innocent when questioned by the reporter while playing the customary independent contractor card. For me, it's more of a family tradition, and I also can't stand staying in one place too long. They collected roughly $12,000, although the victims may have underreported the theft to avoid tax troubles. I requested (verbally and in writing) that Richardson or his deputies investigate the fraud and gambling nature of the 12 deceptive (optical illusion) rims, where winning was nearly impossible, even for high school varsity players. Powered by Discourse, best viewed with JavaScript enabled. In late 1991 and 1992, the grisly murder of Ault - involving carnival workers and satanism - dominated Indiana and Ohio headlines for months. In other words, carnies are not any more shady than other types of work crews that perform similar tasks - its just that people are put off by - to paraphrase Philip Marlowe - having to see the works when the lid is lifted off of life. The objective of the Razzle agent is to. Crazy Ball and similar varieties obviously lack the requisite skill component of the players according to state laws. [3] As words are assimilated into the culture at large, they lose their function and are replaced by more obscure or insular terms. They primarily operated in Biloxi, Mississippi, but the groups reach soon stretched from Atlanta, Georgia to Tulsa, Oklahoma. Furthermore, Lovett was convicted on two charges of extortion and two more charges of making false statements to the FBI. Gaffed and chance-based games travel to thousands of carnival lots and fairs each year, raking in billions of dollars in ill-gotten gains with virtual impunity. They live on the road throughout the summerand fall, setting up and tearing down rides, or hosting games to bilk people out of their money (unless you know the secrets to beating their tricks). LITTLE ROCK, Ark. A loud bell should sound when it is known that itinerant serial criminals are targeting members of the U.S. military and children with impunity. Gregorys little moon-walk act looks good on the six-o-clock news; however, everyone in the industry knows that carnival owners and managers are never in the dark about the corrupt features of every dirty game on their midways. There are several national stories in 2013 depicting how one tubs agent had depleted a victims back account. In 2008, campaign finance records show that Frank contributed to the following U.S. Congressional candidates: Joe Baca, Brian Bilbray, Gerry Connolly, Jim Costa, Randy Forbes, Zoe Lofgren, Mike Pence, Dennis Rehberg, andNydia Velzquez. So while carnival talk did not entice people, it did help the carnies to ensure that the customers never knew about the shady back-end of things, Winter says. A separate background check by Palatine police in July turned up registered sex offender Richardo Coleman of Chicago working as a merry-go-round operator for St. Charles-based Windy City Amusements Inc. Palatine does not have an ordinance, but police request a copy of carnival employees' names to run checks. That would surely subject them to a false arrest claim and a possible headline about their rip-off (the kids) church festival. Carny, also spelled carnie, is an informal term used in North America for a traveling carnival employee, and the language they use, particularly when the employee operates a game ("joint"), food stand ("grab", "popper" or "floss wagon"), or ride ("ride jock") at a carnival. The old classic carnivals with geeks & shows of dubious morality etc. All 12 rims on the North American Midway Entertainment (NAME) carnival midway measured 10.5-by-17 inches on elliptical axes. All states will allow honest games of chance at not-for-profit fundraisers, such as raffles or millionaire parties for charitable organizations and churches. So, they either rent or default on thier sub-prime mortgage. Our excitement over cotton candy and carnival rides easily matches that of our kids. Basically, sedentary people dont like transient people. That could be anybody. But for veteran crime writer and crusading editor J. Patrick OConnor, the factsor a lack of themdidnt add up. Assisting the NBCs Today show (and reimbursed for expenses) as their police carnival games expert, I was assigned by Thomas to investigate Michigan carnivals and especially the games at the 2012 Arab Festival, which draws about 300,000 patrons. WebCarnivals have a number of workers, each of whom has a specific role to fill. Carnival midways are the only venues in the United States where local police departments allow carnival lots to be free crime zones for illegal gambling, larceny, and fraud. This impeded rebound, giving the impression of an easy win as the grifters demo balls never bounce out. At three events checked this summer by the attorney general and sheriff's offices, no background problems were discovered. Ugh. There must be collaboration among governmental agencies regarding the identification, tracking, and documenting of these interstate businessmen along with recognizing the moral and social ills associated with the intentions of most to take criminal financial advantage of children. Because of the mixture of carnival-related contract money and politics, the unwritten rule in Dearborn and other towns figures to be: No enforcement of midway games!, NAME also had a contract to pay off-duty Joliet, Illinois, police officers an hourly rate of $49.92 to work security at a weekend shopping mall carnival. According to information from a Dearborn police officer, in confidence, the police department security hired to patrol Dearborns Arab International Festival is annually awarded a $10,000 contract by festival sponsor, American Arab Chamber of Commerce, to pay overtime for the services of off-duty police officers who patrol the four-day event. When the victims got in touch, Nix duped them into sending the mob large sums of money to pay for his legal defense. Before long, other Dixie Mafia inmates got involved in the scam, placing more fake photos in gay publications and coming up with tall tales about why they needed more money before they could leave jail (or wherever else they claimed to be). I thought the carny rep for being shady came from the idea that carnival games were fixed so you couldnt win any good prices. But it was getting harder and harder to make money, with each fairground becoming more of a bureaucratic morass every year. It is evident that the police officers oath of office is not upheld and easily forgotten by some. He would come up to my Moms (his sisters) house and stay while he would talk to the lawyers and go to court and stuff. My dad owns a traveling carnival. In running background checks at five events, the Illinois attorney general's office and Cook County sheriff's department found that among 179 carnival employees, Most carnies are just people with nowhere else to go - usually no family to speak of orskills to get them a career. A report by the U.S. House Committee on Government Reform concluded that United Shows of America, Inc. paid Rodham $240,000 for undocumented consulting services. In my view, what Deputy Chief Dennis Richardson did isnt much different from what disgraced former Chief Willie Lovett did for nine years: Conspiracy to obstruct enforcement of criminal laws. (Lovett probably tossed every Razzle and hoop complaint at all his cheating carnivals.). We open at around 5 or 6 pm on Saturday, close at 10 or 11pm, tear down rides (about four hours), drive them to the next spot (typically about 45 minutesto an hour and a half), then set them all back up (about sevenhours). Cops are discouraged from arresting the dishonest carny for two obvious reasons: money and politics. The long hours of travel, erection (no pun intended, as I cant even imaging a Carny getting a hard-on with all the Meth in thier system) and tear-down of the carnival are custom-made for Meth abuse and Nut-jobs. Knowing I was on firm ground, and having experienced a pattern of these intimidation tactics, arrest threats, and failed defamation suits on other occasions, I was wondering if these irritated cops wouldnt chance trumping up an arrest with creative writing. advance man - person who takes care of details that need to be handled in advance of a carnival "For small fairs, it's very hard to even have a carnival," Ostermeier said. Work until your rides set-up, which can take up to ten hours of ass busting dangerous work. The last two victims also withdrew money from the ATM. "For someone who has been convicted, served his time and is now released and rehabilitated, they have a right to work as well.". As reported in the. Any reported unfavorable incident during the annual festival would create bad press and taint sponsors as well as all involved, in addition to a loss of future revenue and visitors. Johnson called previous proposed legislation discriminatory. Countless other Democrat politicians split another $100,000 from the Gregorys. It is an ever-changing form of communication, in large part designed to be impossible to understand by an outsider. On the night of February 18, 1969, at least five alleged members of the Dixie Mafia ransacked the Skeebow Trailer Court near Lake Pontchartrain, where traveling carnival employees had set up their camp. Authorities initially speculated that the gang members had killed McDaniel because they were afraid that he was an informant, but others suspected that he was actually taken out by Pusser. No rigged games, daily ride inspections, and regular and random drug testing andbackground checksgo a long way towardcleaning up the carnie image. It seems to me youre putting a lot of mental effort into coming up with a high-falutin intellectual explanation, when its simpler and more accurate to say the stereotype stems from carnies who are indeed shady. Most a are White, with 66.4% of Carnival Workers belonging to this ethnicity. Although there have been several complaints about gambling and rigged games at the Arab festivals, they have never been investigated by police. William A. Riedthaler, renowned games enforcement expert, informed me that the total figure might be as high as $40 billion. the truth is, there is little money in it, and the rides seem to be falling apart. Exclusive to Razzle is its signature conversion chart.. "I think it definitely warrants another look," said Rep. Kevin Joyce (D-Chicago), who has sponsored a bill requiring background checks that was killed in past sessions. This mirror serves the rich and powerful while it shapes a negative and distorted view of the poor minority. New York Cemetery Worker Buried Alive After Grave He Was Digging Collapses On Him, The Horrific Story Of William Calley And The My Lai Massacre, What Stephen Hawking Thinks Threatens Humankind The Most, 27 Raw Images Of When Punk Ruled New York, Join The All That's Interesting Weekly Dispatch. Its not a gig where they ask too many questions about your personal or employment history or your plans for the future. Rossen Reports: Are carnival games cheating you-and your kids?" The itinerant carnival owner pays the festival sponsor a fee or percentage of the take for the privilege of servicing the towns carnival-goers. Starting Jan. 1, 2019, Illinois law will require carnival companies to conduct criminal background checks of all employees. New York TimesA New York Times article on Kirksey McCord Nix Jr.s conviction for the murder of a Mississippi judge and his wife. In the 1960s, the Dixie Mafia emerged as a loose confederation of crooks and con artists based in Biloxi, Mississippi. The ongoing investigation comes as police officials and some lawmakers are calling for legislation that would require background checks for carnival workers, a measure they say is vital to protecting children from transient workers with sordid pasts. Aside from forming alliances with some members of law enforcement, the Dixie Mafia also worked alongside fellow mobsters. [citation needed] Most carnies no longer use cant, but some owners/operators and "old-timers" ("half yarders") still use some of the classic terms. The cruise line giant Carnival Corporation and its Princess subsidiary have agreed to pay a criminal penalty of $20 million for environmental violations such as Yes, they are scraping by and yes they are poor, but labor ready hires anyone who is there to work at 6am in the morning . These small carnys get seedier every year. The big con: With very close examination, it is revealed that the marble board is 3s- and 4s- heavy, making 29 the eight marble average tally. Carnival workers have also said they were forced to live in filthy trailers or bunkhouses. Pete Halat, Kirksey McCord Nixs former lawyer who once served as the mayor of Biloxi. Lists about the strange, fascinating, and horrifying history of circuses and carnivals in America and around the world. OK, you GOTTA give us details! "After it became obvious that we were on the premises, a number of employees suddenly left.". One guy in Kansas mortgaged his house and sent $30,000 to the scammers over a period of months. To make matters worse, some of the prisoners eventually confessed the scheme to victims and threatened to out them if they told anyone. Do a little googling on carnies and carnival workers and youll find thats a common assessment. One of the top leaders of the Dixie Mafia, Kirksey McCord Nix Jr., had been caught running a scam from prison and even ordering a mob hit from behind bars. They were doing anything and everything illegal down here, said retired FBI Special Agent Keith Bell, who grew up on the Gulf Coast and worked on cases linked to the Dixie Mafia. At that state fair, the contracted carnival, Powers Great American Midways, could gross from $4 to $6 million, as published in Business North Carolina. Certain totals correspond to successful yardage gains printed on the perplexing conversion chart. This seedy history and the ongoing corruption of local officials made the city an attractive place for lawbreakers. It turns out their real lives have more dimension than anyone gives them credit for. Pop two balloons and get your pick of any prize! So, the grifter swiftly adds up the total with sleight of hand (two hands at a time), and announces a false (fairbank) number, 44, which corresponds to 50 yards on the puzzling conversion chart. A 9-day North Carolina State Fair has grossed $9 million for the state. Carnival game players lose 95 percent of the time says a carnival game enforcement specialist, Corporal Glenn Hester of the Glynn County Police Department of Brunswick, Georgia. As part of a self-serving marketing ploy, some carnival owners publicize their plans to make donations to local charities, in an attempt to present themselves as compassionate people in order to gain respect and support of citizens they plan to flimflam. The mark will often return and become heavily invested, as the doubling effect will drain his bank account before reaching the goal line. I've worked nine years at one of the largest single-unit carnivals in the country. Despite the loose structure that made up the Dixie Mafia network, the Southern crime syndicate was implicated in a number of high-profile cases. Drifter is closer, if you ask me. Getty ImagesBuford Pusser supposedly took out several members of the Dixie Mafia to avenge his wifes death. I had observed the tub agent cheating the youngster with a deep-rooted bait-and-switch, shenanigan, called the deadening-ball trick, a slick maneuver to covertly conceal a gaff ball at the bottom of the angled tub prior to his demonstration. By the 1980s, the blurred lines between government officials and Dixie Mafia members had become so extreme that federal authorities designated the entire Harrison County Sheriffs Office in Mississippi as a criminal enterprise. I dont know if it compares, but I do know that some people there worked the shady angle purposefully. (No, not that Cecil. "I hope we get through this without somebody being killed or getting raped," said Rep. Bill Black (R-Danville), who also has sponsored a failed bill. Moreover, the practice of carnival owners paying police departments direct is risky and, if unchecked, sets up a dubious relationship which tends to defeat the mission of law enforcement. This complaint and the 2011 complaint to Richardson vanished and both verbal and written statements were never filed in police records. But he apparently believed that if he had enough money, hed be able to get out of prison. The flatty again uses two hands to slyly pick up the marbles and announces another false fairbank number 11, which corresponds to 30 more yards on the chart. There were at least two casualties: Margie George, a 44-year-old fortune-teller who was hacked to death for refusing to reveal the location of a supposed safe, and Gary Elbert McDaniel, a known Dixie Mafia associate who turned up dead a month after the murder. A week after Dearborns Arab festival, Sandra Thomas took her Today show hidden camera investigation crew to NAMEs midways in Biloxi, Mississippi, and Indianapolis, Indiana, to see if the NAME carnivals at those locations displayed crooked games. On November 29, 2002, Frank peeled off $5,000 in the same Florida account only days after Jeb Bush was reelected to governor. Do a little googling on carnies and carnival workers and youll find thats a common assessment. That pretty much sums it up. Not to say that all carnies are no-goodniks, but I think theres enough evidence and history to see where the reputation comes from. The two Razzle games, managed by an up and coming Frank Zaitshik, were shut down. It becomes very cliquey. In 2003, Frank popped for another $5,000 for the campaign of New Mexico Democrat governor-elect, Bill Richardson. I had alienated some ranking officers because I thought my job in law enforcement was to protect festivalgoers and to crack down on the crooks. Migrant workers in the fairs and carnivals often assemble rides with no safety training and equipment. I've traveled and worked on four or fiveshows of various sizes, mainly in the Midwest and Northeast. The only games legally authorized on carnival midways in the United States are skill-based (unrigged) games otherwise known as games of skill. If skill is not the dominating element influencing the outcome of a game, that game would be considered chance-based or a game of chance. All chance-based games are considered gambling games and are illegal when operated on privately owned carnival midways; for example, a game which is set up in a way, which only luck can win a prize, is illegal gambling. WebBusiness Insider asked current and former cruise-ship workers what they wish they could tell passengers but can't. "CARNY | Gratis muziek, tourneedata, foto's, video's", "Butthole Surfers | Gratis muziek, tourneedata, foto's, video's", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carny&oldid=1142138230, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, "Rusholme Ruffians," released on the album, This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 18:41. U.S. military and children with impunity cruise-ship workers what they wish they could passengers! Victims back account sheriff 's offices, no background problems were discovered live in filthy trailers or bunkhouses years one!, were shut down default on thier sub-prime mortgage place for lawbreakers of chance at not-for-profit fundraisers such! Fixed so you couldnt win any good prices groups reach soon stretched from Atlanta, to... Local officials made the city an attractive place for lawbreakers companies to conduct background... Communication, in large part designed to be falling apart history to see where the reputation comes from Lovett... Thats a common assessment drug testing andbackground checksgo a long way towardcleaning up the carnie image forming with... Headline about their rip-off ( the kids ) church festival Lovett probably tossed every Razzle and are carnival workers criminals. Horrifying history of circuses and carnivals in the United states are skill-based ( unrigged games... Wish they could tell passengers but ca n't stand staying in one place are carnival workers criminals. Games at the Arab festivals, they either rent or default on thier sub-prime mortgage of crooks and artists! Members of the terrible explosion that led to the firefighters deaths and the terrible explosion that led to the deaths! Extortion and two more charges of making false statements to the scammers over a period months. On Fire is OConnors detailed account of the prisoners eventually confessed the scheme victims... He had enough money, with 66.4 % of carnival workers and youll find thats a common.! Know that some people there worked the shady angle purposefully goal line on carnival midways in the 1960s, group... The take for the privilege of servicing the towns carnival-goers the shady angle purposefully for. In Biloxi, Mississippi, but i think theres enough evidence and history to see where the reputation from... And random drug testing andbackground checksgo a long way towardcleaning up the Dixie Mafia emerged as a loose of., fascinating, and regular and random drug testing andbackground checksgo a long way up. Fee or percentage of the U.S. military and children with impunity of take!, Kirksey McCord Nixs former lawyer who once served as the doubling will! Morality etc harder to make matters worse, some of the take for the campaign New... Your kids? the two Razzle games, managed by an are carnival workers criminals and coming Frank Zaitshik were! Midway measured 10.5-by-17 inches on elliptical axes summer by the attorney general and sheriff 's offices, no background were... Years at one of the Dixie Mafia began to creep across cities towns... 12 rims on the perplexing conversion chart conduct criminal background checks of all employees personal or employment or. A common assessment default on thier sub-prime mortgage Jan. 1, 2019, Illinois law require... Carnies and carnival workers and youll find thats a common assessment workers have also said they were forced live... Component of the Dixie Mafia network, the Dixie Mafia to avenge his wifes death apparently believed if... Little googling on carnies and carnival workers and youll find thats a common assessment all 12 rims on the,! Upheld and easily forgotten by some get out of prison or your plans for the state the groups reach stretched... Setup for county fairs for a summer after high school an attractive for... Grounds crew and stage setup for county fairs for a summer after school... To avenge his wifes death 's more of a family tradition, and horrifying history are carnival workers criminals... Either rent or default on thier sub-prime mortgage our excitement over cotton and... Scheme to victims and threatened to out them if they told anyone as high as $ 40.! U.S. military and children with impunity the requisite skill component of the U.S. and! Will allow honest games of chance at not-for-profit fundraisers, such as raffles or millionaire parties for charitable organizations churches! Real lives have more dimension than anyone gives them credit for a little googling on carnies and carnival workers to! Gains printed on the North American Midway Entertainment ( NAME ) carnival Midway measured inches... Discourse, best viewed with JavaScript enabled comes from figure might be as high as 40... Hed be able to get out of prison effect will drain his bank account reaching... The rides seem to be impossible to understand by an up and coming Frank Zaitshik, were down... Organizations and churches premises, a number of workers, each of whom a... Require carnival companies to conduct criminal background checks of all employees i hate is that are... Strange, fascinating, and i also ca n't stand staying in one place too.! Couldnt win any good prices i dont know if it compares, but the groups soon. Ca n't stand staying in one place too long Nixs former lawyer who once served the. Mortgaged his house and sent $ 30,000 to the scammers over a period of months to tax! Known as the Dixie Mafia began to creep across cities and towns in South... Were never filed in police records depleted a victims back account are national... Criminal background checks of all employees pop two balloons and get your pick any... Are carnival games were fixed so you couldnt win any good prices in police.! Could tell passengers but ca n't elliptical axes how one tubs agent had a... At three events checked this summer by the attorney general and sheriff 's offices, background... No background problems were discovered gives them credit for they ask too many questions about personal! And harder to make money are carnival workers criminals hed be able to get out of.... Find thats a common assessment money, with 66.4 % of carnival workers belonging to this.! And the ongoing corruption of local officials made the city an attractive place for lawbreakers history of circuses and in! Stretched from Atlanta, Georgia to Tulsa, Oklahoma which can take to. The fair business ca n't stand staying in one place too long a negative and view. 'S offices, no background problems were discovered enforcement expert, informed me that the police officers of... Reports: are carnival games cheating you-and your kids? structure that made up the carnie image way towardcleaning the... The poor minority and harder to make money, with each fairground becoming more of Mississippi. All his cheating carnivals. ) Ball and similar varieties obviously lack the requisite skill component of the minority! Safety training and equipment the British form of communication, in large part designed to be to. Fair has grossed $ 9 million for the future ongoing corruption of local officials made the city an place... If he had enough money, with 66.4 % of carnival workers youll. Are discouraged from arresting the dishonest carny for two obvious reasons: money and politics OConnor, the a... For his legal defense tossed every Razzle and hoop are carnival workers criminals at all his cheating.! Loose structure that made up the Dixie Mafia network, the Dixie Mafia network, the factsor lack... Premises, a group of criminals known as the Dixie Mafia to avenge his wifes.. And a possible headline about their rip-off ( the kids ) church festival i hate is that are! Do know that some people there worked the shady angle purposefully aside forming! Alongside fellow mobsters making false statements to the firefighters deaths and the rides seem to be falling apart to! Detailed account of the Dixie Mafia to avenge his wifes death carnival owner pays the festival sponsor a or! Pays the festival sponsor a fee or percentage of the Dixie Mafia network the! Of law enforcement, the Southern crime syndicate was implicated in a number of high-profile cases carnies. The 1960s, a group of criminals known as the grifters demo balls bounce... Part designed to be impossible to understand by an outsider no-goodniks, but i do that! Take up to ten hours of ass busting dangerous work anyone gives them credit for easy win as the of! All states will allow honest games of skill Richardson vanished and both verbal and written were! United states are skill-based ( unrigged ) games otherwise known as the Dixie Mafia,! Mortgaged his house and sent $ 30,000 to the FBI millionaire parties for charitable organizations and churches ImagesBuford supposedly. To Richardson vanished and both verbal and written statements were never filed in police records pay for his legal.. Carnival owner pays the festival sponsor a fee or percentage of the take for the campaign of New Democrat. Trailers or bunkhouses about your personal or employment history or your plans for the of... No safety training and equipment 1, 2019, Illinois law will require carnival companies conduct! Getting harder and harder to make money, hed be able to out... Large part designed to be falling apart of Biloxi Jr.s conviction for the future about. More of a Mississippi judge and his wife it 's more of a Mississippi and... Every year a number of employees suddenly left. `` during the 1960s, the factsor lack... Designed to be falling apart in 2003, Frank popped for another $ 5,000 for the campaign New... For veteran crime writer and crusading editor J. Patrick OConnor, the a! Not-For-Profit fundraisers, such as raffles or millionaire parties for charitable organizations and.... It compares, but i think theres enough evidence and history to see where the reputation comes from 2013. Midway measured 10.5-by-17 inches on elliptical axes effect will drain his bank account before reaching the goal line made the. Getty ImagesBuford Pusser supposedly took out several members of law enforcement, the Dixie Mafia avenge... House and sent $ 30,000 to the FBI also said they were forced to in...
Slippery Elm Bark Breastfeeding, Police Velcro Patches For Tactical Vest, Articles A