David W. Patten, also known as Captain Fearnot, attacked Gallatin. If ye are faithful, ye shall assemble yourselves together to rejoice upon the land of Missouri, which is the land of your inheritance, which is now the land of your enemies.[6]. During the conflict 22 people were killed (3 Mormons and 1 non-Mormon at Crooked River,[2] one Mormon prisoner fatally injured while in custody,[3] and 17 Mormons at Hauns Mill). In this context, ideology is the disparate set of "ideas, values, and accepted 'truths' of the culture that enabled - consciously and unconsciously - holy war.". ", "Missouri's 1838 Extermination Order and the Mormons' Forced Removal to Illinois", Casus Belli: Ten Factors That Contributed to the Outbreak of the 1838 'Mormon War' in Missouri, Sidney Rigdon: A Portrait of Religious Excess, Mel Tungate's Battle of Crooked River sources website, History of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Volume 2 Chapter 11, Length of U.S. participation in major wars, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1838_Mormon_War&oldid=1126713077, Religiously motivated violence in the United States, Articles with dead external links from August 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with dead external links from April 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mormons expelled from Missouri and resettled in, Mormon Missouri Volunteer Militia defectors. I can tell whatever I want to. Once Latter-day Saints were disarmed, mounted squads visited Mormon settlements with threats and enough beatings and destruction of homes to force flight. [24] Possession became unclear and the dissenters threatened the church with lawsuits. Finding 10-year-old Sardius Smith hiding behind the bellows, William Reynolds of Livingston County shot and killed the boy, saying: "Nits will make lice, and if he had lived he would have become a Mormon"[74] With one child in each arm, she waded across an icy creek to safety in Adam-ondi-Ahman. The Mormons were evicted from Jackson County in 1833 and resettled in new counties nearby, where tensions grew again and attempts to evict them resumed. [117] Boggs survived, but Mormons came under immediate suspicion especially of the alleged failed assassination attempt by Orrin Porter Rockwell of the Mormon Danites. When his own troops threatened to join the attackers, Parks was forced to withdraw to Daviess County in hopes that the Governor would come to mediate. [1][42], Sentiment among the anti-Mormon segment of Carroll County's population hardened, and some began to take up arms. [37], At a meeting at Lyman Wight's home between leading Mormons and non-Mormons, both sides agreed not to protect anyone who had broken the law and to surrender all offenders to the authorities. [107] The militia was disbanded in late November.[13]. They moved into a blacksmith shop which they hoped to use as a make-shift defensive fortification. Tensions built up between the rapidly-growing Mormon community and the earlier settlers for a number of reasons: These tensions led to harassment and mob violence against the Mormon settlers. The exact circumstances that allowed for him to escape are not certain. The Militia broke ranks and fled across the river. Despite an attempt by the Mormons to parley, the mob attacked. [13][102] The court of inquiry began November 12, 1838. Mormon settlement increased as hundreds of members from Kirtland and elsewhere poured into Missouri. Unfortunately, the shop had large gaps between the logs which the Missourians shot into and, as one Mormon later recalled, it became more "slaughter-house rather than a shelter". Ironically, as a result of his kindness, he was the only Mormon who was positively identified to have participated in the home burnings. [74], Most Mormons gathered to Far West and Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection. 2) August-September 1838: The Danites aggressively worked to defend the Latter-day Saints against anti-Mormon vigilantes. Several children also became ill during the ordeal and died later. [48], The besieged town resorted to butchering whatever loose livestock wandered into town in order to avoid starvation while waiting for the militia or the Governor to come to their aid. The gun was found to have been stolen from a local shopkeeper, who identified "that hired man of Ward's" as the most likely culprit. [48][49], General David R. Atchison wrote a letter to Governor Lilburn Boggs on October 16, 1838. If they choose to remain, we must be content. The orders of the governor to me were, that you should be exterminated, and not allowed to remain in the state, and had your leaders not been given up, and the terms of the treaty complied with, before this, you and your families would have been destroyed and your houses in ashes."[96]. [70], When the Mormons arrived on the scene, the State Militia unit was camped along Crooked River in the Bunkham's Strip just south of Caldwell County. which rallied the Mormons and allowed them to drive off their opponents.[36]. On the afternoon of 24 October 1838, some of Bogart's men, operating independently of Bogart's main command, took two Mormon spies prisoner at a home where the Mormon "spy company" (a group of Mormons who had been assembled to scout the movements of Bogart and other anti-Mormon vigilantes in the area [12]) was quartered. They asked if the rumor was true and demanded that he sign a document disavowing any connection to the vigilance committees. [88] Smith and the other leaders rode with Hinkle back to the Missouri militia encampment. [11], Mormon petitions and lawsuits failed to bring any satisfaction: the non-Mormons in Jackson refused to allow the Mormons to return and reimbursement for confiscated and damaged property was refused. In his famous Salt Sermon, Sidney Rigdon announced that the dissenters were as salt that had lost its savor and that it was the duty of the faithful to cast the dissenters out to be trodden beneath the feet of men. Address to All Believers in Christ (An) Address to All Believers in the Book of Mormon (An) Above is a depiction of the Haun's Mill Massacre, where a mob killed seventeen men, women, and children. Thomas B. Marsh, President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the church, and fellow Apostle Orson Hyde were alarmed by the activities which had taken place in Daviess County. Parks wrote his superior, General Atchison, that "a word from his Excellency would have more power to quell this affair than a regiment. Lathrop's wife and remaining children died shortly after their rescue. The soldiers also turned their horses into our fields of corn.[92][93]. Later that day, the Carroll County forces sealed off the town. The Battle of Crooked River was a skirmish between Latter Day Saint (Mormon) forces and Missouri state militia unit from southeast of Elmira, Missouri in Ray County under the command of Samuel Bogart. LeSueur, Stephen C. How to Cite: (1989) "The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri", The Annals of Iowa 50 (2-3), 278-280. doi: https://doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.9389 Rights: Copyright 1989 State Historical Society of Iowa. McBrier's house was among those burned. [57] According to one witness, "We could stand in our door and see houses burning every night for over two weeks the Mormons completely gutted Daviess County. C LeSueur's The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri (1986), Alexander L. Baugh's A Call to [21], The earlier settlers saw expansion of Mormon communities outside of Caldwell County as a political and economic threat. Hinkle and Murdock refused, citing their right as American citizens to settle where they pleased. One contemporary critic of the Mormons wrote: Mormonism is a monstrous evil; and the only place where it ever did or ever could shine, this side of the world of despair, is by the side of the Missouri mob. And Subsequent Expulsion. It's not easy to make a major change and make it stick. Initial reaction by Missourians was mixed. Unfortunately, the shop had large gaps between the logs which the Missourians shot into and, as one Mormon later recalled, it became more "slaughter-house rather than a shelter. On October 29, this large vigilante band of some 250 men assembled and entered eastern Caldwell County. It did not matter whether or not the Mormons at [Haun's] mill had taken any part in the disturbance which had occurred [in Daviess County]; it was enough that they were Mormons. He's still alive, ain't he?". In 1834, Latter Day Saints attempted to effect a return to Jackson County with a quasi-military expedition known as Zion's Camp, but this effort also failed when the governor failed to provide the expected support.[15]. [61] None of these claims, however, purport to be eye-witness accounts. To do so, would be to act with extreme cruelty. Nearly every one was burned. On June 19, the dissenters and their families fled to neighboring counties where their complaints fanned anti-Mormon sentiment. Soon the "old Missourians" and the LDS settlers were engaged in a conflict sometimes referred to as the 1838 Mormon War. Thomas McBride surrendered his rifle to Jacob Rogers, who shot McBride with his own gun. Smith's followers, commonly known as Mormons, began to settle in Jackson County in 1831 to "build up" the city of Zion. A valuable contribution to the study of the Mormon War is A Call to Arms: The 1838 Mormon Defense of Northern Missouri (Dissertations in Latter-day Saint history) by Alexander L. Baugh (Provo, Utah: Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Latter-day Saint History and BYU Studies, 2000). As the year went on, there were a number of armed conflicts between Mormons and Missourians. [58], During the days that followed, Latter Day Saint vigilantes under the direction and encouragement of Lyman Wight drove Missourians who lived in outlying farms from their homes, which were similarly plundered and burned. "[48], On October 1, the mob burned the home and stables of Smith Humphrey. The conflict continued until early November, when the outnumbered Mormons surrendered and agreed to leave the state. Siege of Far West and capture of church leaders. Coming on the heels of news from Daviess County, these reports from the mouths of dissenting Mormon leaders seemed to confirm the Missourians' worst fears. Agnes Smith, a sister-in-law of Joseph, was chased from her home with two small children when her home was burned. 17 June . Seymour Brunson attacked Grindstone Fork. The soldiers shot down our oxen, cows, hogs and fowls, at our own doors, taking part away and leaving the rest to rot in the streets. [63] None of these claims, however, purport to be eyewitness accounts. The militia promptly arrested Smith and the other leaders. Citizen groups and vigilantes meet in upper counties and resolve to assist Daviess and Carroll counties in bringing alleged Mormon criminals to justice. June: Danites organize in Far West. Lathrop wrote "I was compeled[sic] to leave my home my house was thronged with a company of armed men consisting of fourteen in number and they abusing my family in allmost[sic] every form that Creturs[sic] in the shape of human Beeings[sic] could invent. [50] Boggs, however, ignored this plea and continued to wait as events unravelled. Mormon settlement increased as hundreds of members from Kirtland and elsewhere poured into Missouri. The Mormon War literallty changed the course of Missouri history.Caldwell and Daviess counties were carved out of the frontier specifically for Mormon settlers experiencing problems in Ray and other organized counties. One of the Mormons present, Samuel Brown, claimed that Peniston's statements were false and then declared his intention to vote. Several children also became ill during the ordeal and died later. Language: Siege of Far West and capture of church leaders. But if you've never heard of it, don't feel bad. [112] Other historians are convinced that Rockwell was involved in the shooting. Parks wrote his superior, General David Rice Atchison, that "a word from his Excellency would have more power to quell this affair than a regiment. (youtube). The Battle of Crooked River in late October led to Lilburn Boggs, the Governor of Missouri, issuing the Missouri Executive Order 44, ordering the Mormons to leave Missouri or be killed. If ye are faithful, ye shall assemble yourselves together to rejoice upon the land of Missouri, which is the land of your inheritance, which is now the land of your enemies.[5]. Most Mormon immigrants to Missouri came from areas which were sympathetic to abolitionism. A Militia under the command of Samuel Bogart was authorized by General Atchison to patrol the no-man's land between Ray and Caldwell Counties known as "Bunkham's Strip" an unincorporated territory 6 miles (9.7km) east to west and 1-mile (1.6km) north to south. Mike Vago. [53][56] Millport, Grindstone Fork and the smaller Missourian settlement of Splawn's Ridge were also plundered and had some houses burned. [53][55] Millport, Grindstone Fork and the smaller Missourian settlement of Splawn's Ridge were also plundered and had some houses burned. He surmised that the perpetrator had fired upon Boggs and lost his firearm in the night when the weapon recoiled due to its unusually large shot. [82] Other members of the mob opened fire, which sent the Latter-day Saints fleeing in all directions. Overwhelmingly, these claims are contradicted by the majority of both Missourian and Latter Day Saint testimony (which implicate the Mormons in the burnings) and also by the evidence of the looted property found in the possession of Latter Day Saints. The refinement, the charity of our age, will not brook it.[107]. [1] Latter Day Saint refugees began to flee to Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection and shelter against the upcoming winter. Most of these refugees settled in or near what would become the city of Nauvoo, Illinois. Mormon dissenters from Daviess County who had fled to Livingston County reportedly told Livingston County militia under Colonel Thomas Jennings that Mormons were gathering at Haun's Mill to mount a raid into Livingston County. While Mormon women and children scattered and hid in the surrounding woods and nearby homes, Mormon men and boys rallied to defend the settlement. John Corrill, one of the Mormon leaders, remembered: In 1837, problems at the church's headquarters in Kirtland, Ohio, centering around the Kirtland Safety Society bank, led to schism. Once Latter-day Saints were disarmed, mounted squads visited Mormon settlements with threats and enough beatings and destruction of homes to force flight. They also sent a request for assistance to Governor Boggs, noting that the mob had threatened "to exterminate them, without regard to age or sex". Lilburn Boggs, as a Jackson county resident, and as Lieutenant Governor, was in a position to observe and assist in executing the tactics described by one Mormon historian: In 1833 Boggs passively saw community leaders and officials sign demands for Mormon withdrawal, and next force a gunbarrel contract to abandon the county before spring plantinganti-Mormon goals were reached in a few simple stages. This triggered a brawl between the bystanders. Reynolds determined the man in question was Porter Rockwell, a close associate of Joseph Smith. [105], Daviess County residents were outraged by the escape of Smith and the other leaders. Lyman Wight took his army and attacked Millport. After the court martial, he ordered General Alexander William Doniphan: You will take Joseph Smith and the other prisoners into the public square of Far West and shoot them at 9 o'clock tomorrow morning.[100]. [87][88][89], Lucas' terms were severe. He surmised that the perpetrator had fired upon Boggs and lost his firearm in the night when the weapon recoiled due to its unusually large shot. Hyrum Smith, Brigham Young, and other leaders left at Far West warned the veterans of Crooked River to flee. History of the Latter-day Saints in Northern Missouri from 1836 to 1839 (1965), Stephen 2 . [44], As tensions built in Daviess County, other counties began to respond to Carroll County's request for assistance in expelling the Mormons from their county. In October 1833, anti-Mormon mobs drove the Mormons from Jackson County.[11]. On October 19, 1838, the day after Gallatin was burned, Thomas B. Marsh and fellow apostle Orson Hyde left the association of the Church. [23] These "dissenters," as they came to be called, owned a significant amount of land in Caldwell County, much of which was purchased when they were acting as agents for the church. [73] Generals Atchison, Doniphon and Parks decided they needed to call out the Militia to "prevent further violence". But problems only multiplied when Mormons settled in large numbers during a relatively short period of time in this region. [68] Generals Atchison, Doniphon and Parks decided they needed to call out the militia to "prevent further violence." However, Reynolds was unable to capture Rockwell. Journal History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. All of the conflicts in the Mormon War occurred in a corridor 100 miles (160km) to the east and northeast of Kansas City, Missouri. [120], Whatever the case, the following year Rockwell was arrested, tried, and acquitted of the attempted murder,[118] although most of Boggs' contemporaries remained convinced of his guilt. In 1831, the Mormons under Joseph Smith began to settle in Jackson County to create a Christian commune of "Zion". The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri Abstract Review of: The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. Smith was charged for treason but escaped custody and fled to Illinois with the remainder of the estimated 10,000 Missouri Mormons, establishing the new settlement of Nauvoo. The day has gone by when masses of men can be outlawed, and driven from society to the wilderness, unprotected. John C. Bennett, a disaffected Mormon, reported that Smith had offered a cash reward to anyone who would assassinate Boggs, and that Smith had admitted to him that Rockwell had done the deed. Smith's followers, commonly known as Mormons, began to settle in Jackson County in 1831 to "build up" the city of Zion. The soldiers shot down our oxen, cows, hogs and fowls, at our own doors, taking part away and leaving the rest to rot in the streets. [99], Daviess County residents were outraged by the escape of Smith and the other leaders. [1], Forcefully deprived of their homes and property, the Latter Day Saints temporarily settled in the area around Jackson County, especially in Clay County. "[30] The text of this speech was endorsed by Joseph Smith, who appeared at the event and participated in the raising of a liberty pole. The 1838 Mormon War, also known as the Missouri Mormon War, was a conflict between Mormons and non-Mormons in Missouri from August to November 1838, the first of the three Mormon Wars. He printed the first edition of the Book of Commandments that became a standard work of the church and wrote numerous hymns, some of which are included in the . In 1834, Mormons attempted to effect a return to Jackson County with a quasi-military expedition known as Zion's Camp, but this effort also failed when the governor failed to provide the expected support.[14]. Back in 1987, Steve wrote an amazing book called The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. [32][33], William Peniston, a candidate for the state legislature, made disparaging statements about the Mormons, calling them "horse-thieves and robbers",[34] and warned them not to vote in the election. Much of the literature about the Danites is sensationalist fiction, such . Sometimes, it's also called the Missouri Mormon War. "[58], The Missourians evicted from their homes were no better prepared than the Mormon refugees had been. [1][45], Some isolated Mormons in outlying areas also came under attack. Overview: Sampson Avard (October 23, 1800 - April 15, 1869) was one of the founders and leaders of the Mormon vigilantes known as the Danites, which existed in Missouri during the Missouri Mormon War in 1838. [4] Shortly after what Mormons consider to be the restoration of the gospel in 1830, Smith stated that he had received a revelation that the Second Coming of Christ was near, that the City of Zion would be near the town of Independence in Jackson County, Missouri, and that his followers were destined to inherit the land held by the current settlers. [26][28][29], On July 4, Sidney Rigdon gave an oration, which was characterized by Mormon historian Brigham Henry Roberts as a "'Declaration of Independence' from all mobs and persecutions. Latter-day Saint Albert Perry Rockwood, writing from Far West, estimated on November 11 that about 30 Mormons had been killed. William Bowman, one of the guards, was dragged by his hair across the town square. [53] On October 18, these Mormons began to act as vigilantes and marched under arms in three groups to the Missourian settlements of Gallatin, Millport and Grindstone Fork. "[46] After more than a week, a company of armed Mormons assisted Lathrop in rescuing his wife and two of his children (one had died while prisoner). In mid-September 1838, Brigadier General Alexander Doniphan and his militia troops successfully disbanded and dispersed vigilantes in Daviess County , Missouri. In 1838, Missouri witnessed the "Missouri Mormon War". [74] One 19th century Missouri historian noted: "The Daviess County men were very bitter against the Mormons, and vowed the direst vengeance on the entire sect. Executive paralysis permitted terrorism, which forced Mormons to self-defense, which was immediately labeled as an "insurrection," and was put down by the activated militia of the county. [51][53] Ignoring this counsel, a Mormon judge in Caldwell County called out the Caldwell militia, led by Colonel George M. Hinkle. [97] Brigham Young recounts that, once the militia was disarmed, Lucas's men were turned loose on the city: [T]hey commenced their ravages by plundering the citizens of their bedding, clothing, money, wearing apparel, and every thing of value they could lay their hands upon, and also attempting to violate the chastity of the women in sight of their husbands and friends, under the pretence of hunting for prisoners and arms. Rumor reached Far West that a mob of vigilantes from Ray County had taken Mormons prisoner and an armed party was quickly assembled to rescue these prisoners and push the mob out of the county. Overwhelmingly, these claims are contradicted by the majority of both Missourian and Latter Day Saint testimony (which implicate the Mormons in the burnings) and also by the evidence of the looted property found in the possession of Latter Day Saints. Of the Missourians, only one, Moses Rowland, was killed. De Witt possessed a strategically important location near the intersection of the Grand River and the Missouri River. "[27][37] Black later confirmed that he had felt threatened by the large number of hostile armed men. This literature review will focus on the time period from 1838 to 1839, during which the Mormon War took place. [102] Mormon residents were harassed and attacked by angry residents who were no longer restrained by militia officers. [109][110] Judge Austin A King, who had been assigned the cases of the Mormons charged with offenses during the conflict, warned "If you once think to plant crops or to occupy your lands any longer than the first of April, the citizens will be upon you: they will kill you every one, men, women and children."[13]. Finally, the Mormons who had taken up arms were to leave the state. List Price: $35.00. Members of the Latter Day Saint movement, founded by Joseph Smith, had gradually migrated from New York to northwestern Missouri since 1831, mainly settling in Jackson County, where tensions with non-Mormon residents led to episodes of anti-Mormon violence. [96][97], During a transfer to another prison in the spring of 1839, Smith escaped. [13][42], Sentiment among the anti-Mormon segment of Carroll County's population hardened, and some began to take up arms. We'll get more acquainted with Steve and learn more about his background. It read: "Headquarters of the Militia," City of Jefferson, Oct. 27, 1838. The state militia broke ranks and fled across the river. Office of the Secretary of State of Missouri (1841). Mormon leaders appealed to the state legislature to overturn the requirement that they leave the state, but the legislature tabled the issue until a date well after that when the Mormons would have left the state. Media in category "1838 Mormon War" The following 12 files are in this category, out of 12 total. King, on charges of treason, murder, arson, burglary, robbery, larceny and perjury. Lathrop wrote "I was compeled [sic] to leave my home my house was thronged with a company of armed men consisting of fourteen in number and they abusing my family in allmost [sic] every form that Creturs [sic] in the shape of human Beeings [sic] could invent. [31], In the speech, Rigdon declared that the Latter-day Saints would no longer be driven from their homes by persecution from without or dissension from within, and that if enemies came again to drive out the Saints, "And that mob that comes on us to disturb us, it shall be between us and them a war of extermination; for we will follow them until the last drop of their blood is spilled; or else they will have to exterminate us, for we will carry the seat of war to their own houses and their own families, and one party or the other shall be utterly destroyed". Many of Boggs' constituents felt that he had mis-managed the situation, by failing to intervene earlier in the crisis, and then by overreacting on the basis of partial and incorrect information. [91], Colonel Hinkle rode to the church leaders in Far West and informed them of the offered terms. If after looking through it you still have unanswered questions . 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